Product Code Database
Dan (), and older name Laish, is an ancient city mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, described as the northernmost city of the Kingdom of Israel,See verses listed at From Dan to Beersheba and belonging to the tribe of Dan, its namesake. It was later the site of a royal sanctuary built by Jeroboam.
The city is identified with a tell located in Upper Galilee, northern Israel, known as Tel Dan (; "Mound of Dan") in Hebrew language and Tell el-Qadi ("Mound of the Judge") in Arabic, a popular translation of the ancient Hebrew name. The site was occupied continuously from the Early Bronze Age through the Iron Age II, the time of the Kingdom of Israel. While evidence suggests a period of abandonment during the Persian era, it was later rebuilt as a Hellenistic city with a notable shrine.
Rabbinic works,Marcus Jastrow, 1903. A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Bavli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature, p. 1185 and 1189, or webpage. and writers like Philostorgius, Theodoret, Benjamin of Tudela and Samuel ben Samson, all incorrectly identified Dan or Laish, with Banias (Paneas).Provan, Long, Longman, 2003, pp. 181- 183Saulcy, 1854, pp. 537-538 Eusebius of Caesarea more accurately places Dan/Laish in the vicinity of Paneas at the fourth mile on the route to Tyre.
The Arab name of the archaeological site, Tell el-Qadi, meaning "the tell of the judge," plays on the distinction between Arabic "din" and Hebrew "dan," offering a popular translation of the ancient Hebrew name. 19th century Swiss traveler Johann Ludwig Burckhardt identified the source of the Jordan River having the name "Dhan" () in his travelogue published posthumously in 1822. The American naval officer William F. Lynch was the first to identify Tell el-Qadi as the site of the ancient city of Dan in 1849. Three years later, Edward Robinson made the same identification,, p. 392 and this identification is now securely accepted.
Tel Dan is the modern Israeli name for the site, based on the original Biblical name.
Laish was allied with the Sidonians, Phoenicia from the city of Sidon. This might indicate they were also Phoenicians, who may or may not have been . The alliance offered little practical benefit due to the remoteness of Laish from Sidon, and the intervening Lebanon mountains. The town was also isolated from the and Aram by the Hermon mountains; the Septuagint mentions that the town was unable to have an alliance with the Aramaeans. The Masoretic Text does not mention the Aramaeans, but instead states that the town had no relationship with any man – textual scholars believe that this is a scribe error, with adham ( man) being a mistake for Aram.
The excavators of Tel Dan uncovered a city gate made of mud bricks on top of megalithic basalt blocks called , estimated to have been built during the Middle Bronze Age around 1750 BCE.Frances, Rosa: The three-arched middle Bronze Age gate at Tel Dan - A structural investigation of an extraordinary archaeological site, retrieved 9 April 2020. As of 2009, its three constituent 'true' arches were the oldest complete and free-standing monumental arches made of mud-brick known in the world. Its popular name is Abraham's Gate, due to the biblical story that Abraham travelled to Dan to rescue his nephew Lot (:). The gate was restored in the late 2000s and has become a popular tourist attraction.
Hazor was the regional power during the Middle Bronze II, subordinate to Qatna to the north and with trade routes to Mari in the Middle Euphrates.
It remained independent until the 10th century BCE, when it was annexed by the Northern Kingdom of Israel or one of the Aramean kingdoms.
In Judges 18 it is told that there was no king in the land. The Tribe of Dan were seeking an inheritance for themselves, so they sent five of their clan leaders from Zorah and Eshtaol to spy out the land of Laish. The Danites then conquered Laish with an army of 600 men burning the city to the ground and rebuilding it as Dan.
According to William G. Dever, the city's population was approximately 3,000 people during the 9th and 8th centuries BCE.
In 1992, in order to tidy up the site for presentation to visitors, a heap of debris was removed which dated from the time of the Assyrian destruction of the city by Tiglath-Pileser III in 733/2 BCE. A hitherto unknown earlier gateway to the city was uncovered. The entrance complex led to a courtyard paved with stone with a low stone platform. In the 9th century BCE, the podium was enlarged, and major fortifications were built, a city wall with buttresses and a complex gate. The podium was enlarged further in the 8th century BCE by Jeroboam II, then destroyed by Tiglath-Pileser III.
Dan suffered in the era of expansion by the Aramaeans, due to being the closest city to them in the kingdom of Israel. The several incursions indicated by the Book of Kings suggest that Dan changed hands at least four times between the Kingdom of Israel and Aramaeans, around the time that Israel was ruled by Ahab and the Aramaeans by Ben Hadad I, and their successors. Around this time, the Tel Dan stele was created by the Aramaeans, during one of the periods of their control of Dan.
When the Assyrian empire expanded to the south, the kingdom of Israel initially became a vassal state, but after rebelling, the Assyrians invaded and the town fell to Tiglath-Pileser III in 733/732 BCE.
Geography
Dan is situated in the area known as the Galilee Panhandle, which is a part of Upper Galilee. To the west is the southern part of Mount Lebanon; to the east and north are the Hermon mountains. Melting snow from the Hermon mountains provides the majority of the water of the Jordan River, and passes through Dan, making the immediate area highly fertile. The lush vegetation that results makes the area around Dan seem somewhat out of place in the otherwise arid region around it. Due to its location close to the border with Syria and Lebanon at the far north of the territory which fell under the British Mandate of Palestine, the site has a long and often bitterly contested modern history, most recently during the 1967 Six-Day War.
Biblical narrative
Laish/Leshem
According to the Book of Judges, prior to the Tribe of Dan occupying the land, the town was known as Laish (), meaning lion, or rather lioness.abarim-publications, Laish "Laish" and "Laishah" at Abarim Publications. Re-accessed 20 July 2022.Laish at Bible Gateway. Accessed 20 July 2022. , although telling the same story as Judges 18, names the city as Leshem, which makes the researchers consider it as being the same place.
Israelite city of Dan
According to the Book of Judges story of Micah's Idol, the Tribe of Dan did not at that point have any territory to their name (), and so, after scouting out the land, eventually decided to attack Laish, as the land around it was fertile, and the town was demilitarised. The Bible describes the Tribe of Dan with 600 men brutally defeating the people of Laish and burning it to the ground, and then building their city in the same spot. The narrative states that Laish became known as Dan after the tribe. They then erected a sanctuary that housed the idol stolen from Micah, which was served by a priest who was Moses' grandson. The sanctuary later received one of the two golden calves of Jeroboam, and remained in use until the "time of captivity of the land" and the time that the "house of God" ceased to be in Shiloh. Scholars think that the former refers to the Assyrian conquest of the Kingdom of Israel by Tiglath-Pileser III in 733/732, and that the latter refers to the time of Hezekiah's religious reform; an alternative possibility, however, supported by a minority of scholars, is that "time of captivity of the land" is a scribal error and should read "time of captivity of the Ark", referring to the battle of Eben-Ezer, and the Philistine capture of the Ark, and that the ceasing of the "house of God" being in Shiloh refers to this also.
Golden calf worship
According to and , Jeroboam erected two golden calf as gods in Bethel and Dan. Textual scholars believe that this is where the Elohist story of Aaron's golden calf originates due to opposition in some sections of Israelite society, including the Elohists, to the seeming idol-worship of Jeroboam. However, some Biblical scholars believe that Jeroboam was trying to outdo the Temple in Jerusalem, by creating a seat for God that spanned the entire Kingdom of Israel rather than just the small space above the Ark of the Covenant in Jerusalem. The Holy of Holies in the Jerusalem Temple of Judah was represented by a cherub on either side, so Jeroboam might have been using the calves to represent the sides of his sanctuary, implying his whole kingdom was equal in holiness to the Ark.
Archaeology
According to the archaeological excavations at the site, the town was originally occupied in the Late Neolithic period (c. 4500 BCE), and at some time in the fourth millennium BCE it was abandoned for almost 1,000 years.Ofer Bar-Yosef, Gopher, A., and Nadel, D. (1987). "Pottery Neolithic Levels at Tel Dan". Mitekufat Haeven - Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 20:91–113.
Early Bronze
Laish was a fortified settlement during the Early Bronze Age.
Middle Bronze
The Egyptians cursed Laish in execration texts written during the Middle Kingdom. It has been speculated that the repetition in such texts of formulas from older ones dating to the Old Kingdom (27th–22nd century BCE) seem to indicate that they reflected the historical reality of the Early Bronze Age, rather than that of the Middle Bronze Age.
Late Bronze
Egyptian period
In the 15th century BCE, Tuthmosis III conquered Dan (called Laysha) along others (Egyptian hieroglyphs did not distinguish between L and R). second row, #31. Egyptian hieroglyphs – like contemporary Linear A and Linear B – did not distinguish L and R.
Iron Age I
During the Iron Age, Egyptian withdrawal from Canaan led Laish (Dan) to become an independent entity allied with the Sidonians.
Iron Age II
In Iron II, the Northern Kingdom of Israel seem to have gained control over Dan.
Israelite city wall and gate
The Israelite gate was built at a different location than the Canaanite gate.
Seat of king or judge
At the Israelite gate there is a raised square platform reached by two steps. Decorated stone sockets in the corners may have been created to hold canopy poles. It may have been the base of the king's seat, where he would sit in judgment.
Tel Dan stele
Within the remains of the city wall, close to the entrance of the outer gate, parts of the stele were found. The basalt stone bears an Aramaic inscription referring to one of the kings of Damascus; the excavators of the site believe that the king it refers to is Hazael (c 840 BCE), though a minority argue that it instead refers to Ben-Hadad I (c 802 BCE). A small part of the inscription remains, with text containing the letters 'ביתדוד' ( BYTDWD), which most archaeologists agree refers to "House of David" ( Beth David in Hebrew language.) In the line directly above, the text reads 'MLK YSR'L', i.e. "King of Israel". Hebrew script from the era is vowel-less, which would make the inscription the first time that the name David has been found at an archaeological site dating before 500 BCE.
Cultic area, altar
Excavations at the cultic area of Dan have revealed a religious compound with a large four-horned central altar and presenting a diverse amount of cult paraphernalia. These findings seem to be in line with the biblical account which portrays Dan as a major cultic center of the Kingdom of Israel from the reign of Jeroboam ().
Later periods
During the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman periods, remains indicate that cultic activities continued around the podium (also known as "the High Place").
Tel Dan Nature Reserve
The Tel Dan Nature Reserve was first declared on 39 hectares surrounding the Tel in 1974. Nine hectares were added to the reserve in 1989. The Dan River is one of the three water sources of the Jordan River which meet in the northern part of the Hula Valley. Eretz Magazine Notable points of interest include Paradise Springs, the Abraham or Canaanite Gate and the Israelite Gate.Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Tel Dan Nature Reserve, accessed 12 October 2020
Bibliography
External links
Categories: Megalithic Monuments In The Middle East, Nature Reserves In Israel, Prehistoric Sites In Israel, Ancient Sites In Israel, Former Populated Places In West Asia, Land Of Israel, Bronze Age Sites In Israel, Iron Age Sites In Israel, Canaanite Cities, Protected Areas Of Northern District, Buildings And Structures In Northern District, Tells, Historic Jewish Communities, Populated Places Established In The 5th Millennium Bc, Populated Places Disestablished In The 4th Millennium Bc, Populated Places Disestablished In The 8th Century Bc, Hula Valley, Tribe Of Dan, World Heritage Tentative List, Golden Calf, Late Neolithic
|
|
